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Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (
12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a
German physicist who contributed to the
fundamental understanding of electrical
circuits by his two laws , spectroscopy, and the emission of
black-body radiation by heated objects.
Today we discuss about Sources, Electrical Sources.
Electrical Source: who provides enrgy to do some workdone.
There are two type of sources.
¡) Independent Source
¡¡) dependent source
Independent Source: Those Voltage or current source, which do not depend on any other quantity in the circuit.
Dependent Source: a dependent voltage or current source is one which depends on some other quantity in the circuit which may be either a current or voltage source. It is represented by diamond-shaped symbol to avoid confusion with independent source.
4 possible dependent sources are-
A) Voltage dependent Voltage source/ Voltage controlled Voltage source[ VCVS]
B) Voltage controlled Current source
C) Current controlled Voltage source
D) Current controlled Current source
Independent sources exist as a battery, a dc generator and an alternator etc. And you know little or more about that.
But dependent sources are parts of models that are used to represent electrical properties of electronic devices such as operational amplifiers and transistors etc.
example of dependent sources are operational amplifiers, BJT ,MOSFETs, Voltage and Current regulator , Piezoelectric device etc.
VCVS- A dependent source depends on an input to determine output. For example, A vcvs's input tells it what the output should be.
Gain is Vout/Vin. If gain=1
Vout= Vin
VCCS- here gain= I(out)/ V(in).
vcvs has a constant of propotionality called transconductance(gm).
Unit is Siemens.
CCVS- here gain= V(out)/ I(in)
Unit is Ohn. ccvs has a constant of propotionality called trans resistance.
CCCS- has a constant of propotionality called Current gain.
gain = I(out)/ I(in).
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Circuit's Word
Circuit-
A circuit is a closed conducting path through which current flows or tends to flow when a potential is applied.
Parameters-
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance etc.
These parameters may be lumped or distributed.
Lumped- The elements building a lumped system are thought of being concentrated at singular points. e.g. currents and voltage (those are functions of time only)
Distributed- The elements in distriuted system are thought of being distributed in space, so that physical quantities depends on both time and space. e.g. electrical line where L,C, R are not constant and function of time and length both.
Linear Circuit- The parameters of linear circuit is constant with time, Voltage and Current and circuit obeys ohm's law.
Non-linear Circuit- Its parameters change with voltage and current.
Bilateral Network- It behaves same in both direction. The transmission line is bilateral in nature. It can perform it's function equally well in both direction. A network consisting only resistances is good example of bilateral network.
Unilateral Network- A circuit whose operation, behavior is dependent on the direction of the current through elements is called unilateral network.
Passive network and Active Network-
An active network is a network that contains an active source- voltage source or current source. A passive network is a network that does not contain an active source.
Node & Junction -
Node is refers to any point on a circuit where two or more circuits elements are connected together. Whereas Junction is that point where electrical conductors are joined electrically. For two nodes to be different, their voltages must be different. A conductor with a sustantially zero resistance is considered to be a node for the purpose of analysis. Whereas junction is a collection of conductor at the same emf.
Loop & Mesh -
A loop is a closed path in a circuit where two nodes are not repeated twice except the initial point. But in a loop other paths can be included inside.
A mesh is closed path in a circuit with no other paths inside it. In other words, a loop with no other loops inside it.
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When Current flows through two parallel circuit, it is divided according to their path resistance. This is the basic funda of current divider rule. Like CDR, Voltage drop in resistance in a series circuit happens according to their resistance, that is voltage divider rule.
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